The restructuring of the institutional real estate portfolio in the UK

Real estate investment portfolios of financial institutions have seen dramatic changes over the last three decades or more. Historically such property investment decisions have been seen within a portfolio diversification paradigm that has sought to balance risk and return. This paper considers the role of the supply of assets in the determining and constraining the UK institutional portfolio. The supply of real estate assets not only expands during property booms but has also been transformed by a long term urban development cycle as cities adapt to cars and the ICT revolution that has brought new property forms. The research examines long term trends in investment change by disaggregating into ten property forms rather than the usual three land use sectors. It then assesses to what extent investment patterns can be explained in terms of portfolio theory, short term net returns of individual sectors or driven by the supply of real estate assets. It concludes that the supply of real assets is an overlooked explanation.     

The impact of flood dynamics on property values

There is evidence that environmental amenities and dis-amenities may be nonlinearly related to property valuation. This would bring inconsistency in estimating environmental variables of the hedonic price model. To explore the linearity of the relationship this study analyses spatial and temporal variation impacts of the 2011 Brisbane flood on property markets using semi-parametric estimation. The results show that most environmental variables impacts on property values nonlinearly, and in particularly distance to the river, indicating that the amenity value of being close to a river outweighs the flood risks. The estimation of the combined impact of elapsed time and neighbourhood income indicates that the flood risk impact on property markets disappears over time.     

Credit market frictions and political failure

We study how an excessively favorable regulatory environment for banks could arise even with a perfectly competitive credit market in a median voter world. In our occupational choice model with heterogeneous wealth endowments, market failure due to unobservability of entrepreneurial talent endogenously creates a misalignment between surplus maximizing reforms and reforms that are preferred by the median voter, who is a worker. This is in contrast to the world without market failure where the electorate unanimously vote in favor of surplus maximizing institutional reforms. This paper illustrates how market failure could lead to political failure even in the benchmark political system that is free from capture by interest groups.     

控股股东对过度投资影响的实证研究——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

企业的股权结构并不能直接影响企业的价值,把两者联系起来的纽带是企业的投资行为,因此研究股权结构对投资的影响可以更好地揭示两者之间的关系.以中国上市公司的股权集中制为出发点,通过对控股股东的控制权、现金流权以及两权分离程度与过度投资之间关系的研究发现:中国上市公司的控股股东对公司兼具支持与掏空双重影响.但总的来说,对控制权私有收益的追逐使得控股股东对上市公司的掏空行为更具有长期性.     

商业行业产权结构调整及其对企业效率影响的实证研究

产权结构的差异影响企业激励约束机制的发挥,影响资源的有效配置及利用程度,并作用于资本和劳动力的投入、生产和管理成本、产出水平、技术进步、规模经济等方面,带来企业投入产出效率的分化。商业行业上市公司的基本趋势是国有型产权结构逐渐转向法人控股型产权结构,其10多年的效率变化实证分析表明,不同产权结构的企业之间存在显著的效率差异;产权结构的调整导致了企业效率的提升。     

农地流转对土地使用权分配的影响研究

本文利用2006年中国综合社会调查问卷中的农户数据分析了农地流转对土地使用权分配的影响。通过计算农地流转前后的土地分配基尼系数,测度了农地流转影响土地使用权分配的结果,研究显示:农地流转促进了土地使用权的集中,但集中的速度并不快,各区域之间存在差异。在市场化农地流转中,土地较少而又贫穷的农民缺乏能力和优势转入土地,导致土地使用权集中。农地流转难以解决公平问题,农民获取土地仍然主要依靠村组集体的初次分配和二次调整。在符合农民认同、规则明确稳定的条件下,村组内部的土地调整能做到公平与效率相容。因此,村庄集体需要积极培育民主、发展农民自治组织;基层政府需要抑制自己调整土地的冲动,同时在一定程度上认同、支持和监督村组内部的土地调整。     

企业技术创新的虚拟与实体产权激励

企业技术创新激励制度的核心是保护创新者的利益,产权激励制度是一种合理的方式。企业技术创新的产权激励制度设计原则是保证创新收益与风险的均衡。知识产权激励是产权激励的重要内容。对技术创新的产权激励不仅仅是企业内部人员的激励或者外围环境的激励,本文力图建立一个以企业作为分析边界的产权激励模式。对技术创新的产权激励从产权形式角度划分为虚拟和实体产权。企业主体虚拟产权包括以品牌价值增值权为体现的声誉收益权,企业内部成员虚拟产权体现为以影子股票或者股票期权等形式的远期剩余索取权。从企业边界角度,内部产权激励中股权激励包括虚拟股权激励和现实股权激励,外部产权激励包括政府的知识产权制度。此外,企业技术创新的产权界定与保护制度是虚拟与实体产权激励制唐的保证．     

家族企业资本结构对经营绩效影响的实证研究——以深圳市上市家族企业为例

上市家族企业资本结构与企业经营绩效之间存在复杂关系,基于我国深圳市上市家族企业相关数据,借助回归分析法及相关系数法,本文分析得出以下结论:深圳市上市家族企业资本结构与每股收益之间存在负相关关系;资本结构与摊薄净资产收益率之间存在强的正相关关系;资本结构与每股经营现金流之间存在负相关关系但不明显。同时根据深圳市上市家族企业的实际情况及实证结论,完善家族企业公司治理结构,应该从金融体系的建立、融资结构的安排及融资期限的协调等方面入手。     

生态资源环境公共产权的经济学分析

在产权制度的界定和规范引导下,生态资源经济才能实现环境友好型、可持续为主题的科学发展。历史上“公有地的悲剧”的启示不单是对产权问题的反思,而是通过设立一套巧妙的制度,以达到“量体裁衣”之功效。生态资源环境公共产权的产生是源于其稀缺性及非排他性的特质。但随着计量这种产权成本与收益的难度不断加深,环境资源体系的经济价值就越来越大。必须考虑在有效利用的前提下,重新界定产权来保证市场与主体效率目标的实现。作为现代产权制度体系的最重要的组成部分——资源类产权,它有别于企业产权制度,且它涉及利益主体的范围之广。涵盖的意义也极其深远。本文对生态资源环境这一较为特殊公共物品的产权问题用产权经济学的思维框架进行研究,从政府、企业、市场、制度四个层级,相应提出构建此类公共产权的四层规制模式,以求破解在生态环境规制过程中出现的产权失灵现象及界定不清的困局。     

Union–firm bargaining: Order of play and efficiency

This paper shows that a modified alternating offers Rubinstein model can provide a Pareto superior outcome in the context of the right-to-manage union–firm bargaining. Two examples of bargaining protocols that yield a superior outcome are provided. In the first example, the parties engage in a game in which the order of play is determined as part of the bargaining. We show that the game has a unique subgame perfect equilibrium in which the firm always moves first in the wage bargaining game. The equilibrium wage is, therefore, unique. In the second example, we examine a two-part-tariff alternating offers bargaining protocol, where the parties bargain over the wage and transfer payments. We show that this bargaining protocol has a Pareto efficient, unique subgame perfect equilibrium. Thus, although the parties do not bargain over the level of employment, the outcome under this protocol is, nevertheless, socially optimal.